Gcsfs write file. The content in the files is gcsfs.

Gcsfs write file Apart from the nicer interface, this will highly decouple your code from the underlying storage mechanism: Exchanging the storage backend with an in GCSFS ¶ A Python filesystem abstraction of Google Cloud Storage (GCS) implemented as a PyFilesystem2 extension. I'm trying to read a . The code will use the Cloud Run service's (default) identity so ensure you grant it permissions to GCS. Pythonic file-system interface for Google Cloud Storage - gcsfs/docs/source/index. If credentials are given by a file path, however, then this file must exist on every machine. txt file named 'test. For more information, see Set up authentication for client libraries. py at main · fsspec/gcsfs Nov 11, 2020 · When writing files, it's helpful to be able to specify the Content-Encoding in addition to the Content-Type. append(df) df = pd. Feb 19, 2021 · I am trying to run a program using gcsfs. Jan 16, 2018 · I have a file on Google Cloud Storage. I am able to write a single object in the file. I tried reading json file as blob: client = storage. Remote Filesystems PyTorch Lightning enables working with data from a variety of filesystems, including local filesystems and several cloud storage providers such as S3 on AWS, GCS on Google Cloud, or ADL on Azure. Mar 25, 2022 · I'm trying to copy its contents to a new file in cloud storage that is uncompressed to workaround a bug where my tooling (gcloud) can't properly handle gzip input. HttpError: Anonymous caller does not have storage. Apart from the nicer interface, this will highly decouple your code from the underlying storage mechanism: Exchanging the storage backend with an in-memory filesystem for testing or any other How do you write to dataset using pyarrow for gcsfs? I saw a similar issue using s3fs that seems to work: Pyarrow s3fs partition by timetsamp I tried import os import gcsfs import pandas as pd Jul 28, 2022 · New behavior when updating from gcsgf==2022. gcsfs appears to use Application Default Credentials (see Credentials) and so this step is unncessary and saves you putting Service Account secrets in deployment artifacts (which is insecure). The API is the same for all three storage providers. read_csv(f) dfs. Please file issues and requests on github and we welcome pull requests. Two popular options for data storage and analysis are Google Cloud Storage and BigQuery. I have a catalog created in Google Cloud storage using Pyspark and I would want to read this tables from there. filesystem('gcs', gcs=client, token=credentials) csv_files = fs. 10) fsspec (2024. The content in the files is gcsfs. To read from cloud storage, additional dependencies may be needed depending on the use case and cloud storage provider: GCSFile Represents a file in Google Cloud Storage and provides a file-like interface for reading and writing data. tar file in GCS and I want to be able to read the file directly into python, without the intermediary step of downloading the file somewhere first. This would copy the contents into the src folder, create a zip file, and place it in the root folder. Documentation Please refer to RTD Develop Oct 2, 2025 · WriterFile is an fs. Learn about its use cases, integrations, performance, caching, and limitations. Installation with pip, usage examples, best practices, and troubleshooting for Python developers. 6 days ago · Get an overview of Cloud Storage FUSE (gcsfuse), a FUSE adapter that lets you mount and access Cloud Storage buckets as local file systems. json". 20. Configuring Persistent Storage # A Ray Train run produces checkpoints that can be saved to a persistent storage location. Dec 1, 2020 · I have a keras model saved in gcp bucket storage as h5 file, I used below code to read: from keras. Sep 3, 2020 · I have a script which uses gcsfs to write data to Google Cloud. 0 I get the following error: gcsfs. I have researched a a lot but didn't find any clue regarding this. read_table() function can be used in the following ways: 4 days ago · Google Colab (Colaboratory) is a popular cloud-based platform for running machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) experiments, offering free access to GPUs and TPUs (Tensor Processing Units). ProcessPoolExecutor. HttpError: Invalid request. txt # Function Before trying this sample, follow the C# setup instructions in the BigQuery quickstart using client libraries. Nov 3, 2021 · This was not a local file path - everything in gcsfs refers to remote CGS paths (except where specifically described in docstrings for get and put), and including "gcs://" or "gs://" is strictly optional. File uploads To upload a file, you can use the fs. The following modes of authentication are supported: - ``token=None``, GCSFS will attempt to guess your credentials in the following order: gcloud CLI default, gcsfs cached token, google compute metadata service, anonymous. " Developed and maintained by the Python community, for the Python community. Most of the times it shows input/output error. On the other hand Learn how to read a CSV file from Google Cloud Storage (GCS) with pandas in Python. html#credentials we should be able to pass a . Here Nov 3, 2021 · This was not a local file path - everything in gcsfs refers to remote CGS paths (except where specifically described in docstrings for get and put), and including "gcs://" or "gs://" is strictly optional. from __future__ import division from __future__ import print_function import builtins import collections import glob import io import locale import os import re import tempfile import sys import torch_xla GcsBlob = collections. Consider the following code: import pathlib import time from contextlib import contextmanager import gcsfs im Mar 5, 2019 · I am trying to read a bunch of CSV files from Google Cloud Storage into pandas dataframes as explained in Read csv from Google Cloud storage to pandas dataframe storage_client = storage. May 12, 2023 · According to this docs https://gcsfs. to_csv() work, thus, pandas to_csv() seems to use it automatically. Jul 20, 2020 · In particular, should I define an explicit table schema somewhere, for each different BQ table, and write a python function that ensures the right types / converts wrong types to right types? Aug 31, 2021 · I am trying to write my dataframe to gcs bucket from cloud function, I am able to write csv but i am not able write excelfile from cloud function. Inside this bucket there is a folder, 'temp_files_folder', which contains two files, one . GCSFileSystem(*args, **kwargs) [source] Connect to Google Cloud Storage. I want to have full async compatibility in my API (to be used in async web backends) and started looking into async implementation with gcsfs. content (string, bytes or file object): The content to be written into ``path``. CSV) from a GCS bucket into a pandas dataframe. _XLAC. To authenticate to BigQuery, set up Application Default Credentials. Working with different filesystems can be accomplished by appending a protocol like “s3:/” to file paths May 6, 2024 · I want to use the library pyiceberg with Google cloud storage. txt file. txt to make pd. The behavior of writing and reading the same file is undefined. Credentials. futures. cloud import storage def upload_blob(bucket_name, source_file Feb 25, 2020 · I need to create data frame using pandas library using parquet files hosted on a google cloud storage bucket. While fs. Contribute to Othoz/gcsfs development by creating an account on GitHub. """ifnotisinstance(content,(bytes,str)):content=content. _xla_tffile_create(path)torch_xla. Reading and writing files ¶ xarray supports direct serialization and IO to several file formats, from simple Pickle files to the more flexible netCDF format (recommended). Aug 12, 2019 · 1 The best way you can read a file residing in google cloud storage then to use them generally as a filesystem use the module "gcsfs". May 1, 2025 · This page provides a comprehensive guide on how to use the GCSFS (Google Cloud Storage File System) library for interacting with Google Cloud Storage in Python. Apr 12, 2024 · We create the zip file for the Cloud Functions using the data. read() Simple! This has been reported elsewhere (I can't find it now) and is due to TextIOWrapper calling flush() many times on the underlying file - this doesn't happen in binary, which is why that case worked. get access to the Google Cloud Storage object. put() and fs. Each one is about 1. GCSFileSystem(project="bucketname& Depending on the output_path passed in, this API can write to local or GCS file. 7. lpath1 is supposed to put the data into rapth1 and respectively for other files. import gcsfs fs = gcsfs. Open files from your local file system files. We generate chunk boundary slices to pass into the multiprocessing pool. The code to run is actually very complex, but I managed to boil it down to this minimum non-working example : Must be "gs://BUCKET_NAME/PATH" where ``BUCKET_NAME`` is the name of the GCS bucket, and ``PATH`` is a `/` delimited path. We write to axis 0 and 1 chunks from multiple p Nov 26, 2018 · I am trying to list all objects in a bucket with a certain prefix, however I get only the directories back one layer deeper. We create a Zarr array on GCS. I see this documentati Apache Arrow is the universal columnar format and multi-language toolbox for fast data interchange and in-memory analytics - apache/arrow Apr 5, 2021 · I have a . to_file () or fiona to work with gcsfs. it does not support multiple simultaneous readers and writers to a file; just atomic read or write of a blob. token='google_default', your default gcloud credentials will be used, which are GCSFS ¶ A Python filesystem abstraction of Google Cloud Storage (GCS) implemented as a PyFilesystem2 extension. seismology data) from object stores using fsspec and gcsfs. If you use pd. Mar 19, 2018 · I am trying to read a csv file present on the Google Cloud Storage bucket onto a panda dataframe. open(filename) as filename: file = filename. Need help, thanks Nov 17, 2021 · This blog post introduces the feature Cloud Storage FUSE to Vertex AI and AI Platform users. At the minimum, the former should be checked against the expected upload size, and optionally the md5 also for a stronger guarantee. If I try to pass the compression flag on read, it complains about the file not being a gzip file, implying that transcoding is occurring Aug 17, 2022 · You should not os. This software is beta, use at your own risk. This is particularly useful to be used with libraries such as xarray or zarr. GcsFileSystem # class pyarrow. TPUs, in particular, are designed to accelerate large-scale neural network training by leveraging Google’s custom ASICs, making them ideal for handling massive datasets and complex models. Apr 12, 2023 · Hello, We have a workflow that writes to chunks of a Zarr file using multiprocessing. head()) But when i tried writing this codeit is able to return me all Sep 28, 2022 · I have a stack of 4 dimensional numpy arrays saved as . I am developing a Jupyter Notebook in the Google Cloud Platform / Datalab. txt' and one . Pythonic file-system for Google Cloud Storage for fsspec. GCSFS A pythonic file-system interface to Google Cloud Storage. Jul 21, 2021 · The google-cloud-storage (that you import via from google. For example, the pyarrow. Likewise, in the repo's readme of that library is stated: The maintainers of this repository recommend using Cloud Client Libraries for Python, where possible, for new code development Which is where you'll find the repo for google-cloud-storage. cat_file. parquet. Writing a Pandas DataFrame to Google Cloud Storage Google Cloud Storage is a scalable and GCSFS A pythonic file-system interface to Google Cloud Storage. concat(dfs, ignore_index=True) print(df. I am running Dec 4, 2020 · Similar to #315, I saw this today after 10s of GB of data had already been written to a Zarr archive (i. Dec 3, 2024 · Discover the capabilities of the fsspec Python module in this comprehensive guide. to_csv(), import gcsfs is not needed, but gcsfs is still needed in the requirements. GCSFileSystem to access Google Cloud Storage, all that using python's concurrent. gcsfs works for writing the file as parquet. token='google_default', your default gcloud credentials will be used, which are Nov 11, 2025 · Ensure you invoke the function to close the file after you finish the write. The acquired session tokens are not preserved when serializing the instances, so it is safe to pass them to worker processes on other machines if using in a distributed computation context. Therefore, Ray Train requires some form of external persistent storage Apr 28, 2017 · I cannot find a way to to write a data set from my local machine into the google cloud storage using python. Include gcsfs in your requirements. If you don't do this, the file is not written to Cloud Storage. 2. In your case you can do the following: Uploading and downloading files The arguably most important feature of the file system is file transfers. # Ray Train expects all workers to be able to write files to the same persistent storage location. put ( [lpath1, lpath2, lpath3, lapth4], Streaming writes is the new default write path that uploads data directly to Google Cloud Storage (GCS) as it is written. I have created a Pandas DataFrame and would like to write this DataFrame Learn how to access and manage files on Google Cloud Storage from Streamlit apps using FilesConnection, gcsfs library, and secrets management. no need to read/write a local file first). This applies to saving and writing checkpoints, as well as for logging. import pandas as pd import matplotlib. Dec 12, 2020 · Google Cloud Storage Google Cloud Storage (GCS) is a file hoster that makes files accessible within the Google Cloud Platform. Apart from the nicer interface, this will highly decouple your code from the underlying storage mechanism: Exchanging the storage backend with an in-memory filesystem for testing or any other Jul 28, 2022 · flush doesn't create or upload the file until the file is closed #484 Open VOvchinnikov opened on Jul 28, 2022 Aug 21, 2018 · I want to load a model which is saved as a joblib file from Google Cloud Storage bucket. io/en/latest/index. cloud import storage def upload_blob(bucket_name, source_file Remote Filesystems PyTorch Lightning enables working with data from a variety of filesystems, including local filesystems and several cloud storage providers such as S3 on AWS, GCS on Google Cloud, or ADL on Azure. 4. This may be implemented in the future, but would require a certain amount of work. {gcs,s3} modules, which are based on S3fs and gcsfs. io. I'm thinking something like this: import Nov 27, 2023 · credentials = service_account. It is very easy to import a file (e. Learn how fsspec provides a unified interface to manage file systems across multiple platforms, including local, cloud, and network storage options. Feb 3, 2022 · Following up the article on writing and reading JSON files in cloud storage buckets, we saw that we could access the data of the JSON file, and use it in our workflow. But it is not working when I try to write it in a for loop. When it is in local path, we can load it as follows (considering model_file is the full path in system): Apr 25, 2023 · f. put() API can be used for directory uploads. I am working on a library to read/write and parse structured binary data (SEG-Y; i. With GCSFS, you can interact with Google Cloud Storage as if it was a regular filesystem. csv") dfs = [] for file in csv_files: with fs. Sep 2, 2020 · cc @danielballan @CJ-Wright ref: #277 From the fsspec/gcsfs view, the implementation should certainly support producing signed URLs from current credentials, which is the PR above. GcsFileSystem(bool anonymous=False, *, access_token=None, target_service_account=None, credential_token_expiration=None, default_bucket_location='US', scheme=None, endpoint_override=None, default_metadata=None, retry_time_limit=None, project_id=None) # Bases: FileSystem Google Cloud Storage (GCS) backed FileSystem implementation By default uses the How do you write to dataset using pyarrow for gcsfs? I saw a similar issue using s3fs that seems to work: Pyarrow s3fs partition by timetsamp I tried import os import gcsfs import pandas as pd GCSFS ¶ A Python filesystem abstraction of Google Cloud Storage (GCS) implemented as a PyFilesystem2 extension. Jun 14, 2024 · Google Cloud Platform (GCP) provides a wide range of services for storing and analyzing data. due to the fact that I haven't set up any credentials in my local machine (from what I read). . This package depends on fsspec, and inherits many useful behaviours from there, including integration with Dask, and the facility for key-value dict-like objects of the type used by zarr. this isn't a problem with initial writes, it appears to be something spurious in long-runn Oct 30, 2025 · Many such implementations are included in this package, or in sister projects such as s3fs and gcsfs. json') fs = fsspec. Here is my code: requirements. glob("bucket-name/*. It seems like we could easily broaden the support for different files Feb 28, 2022 · If you still need to access the bucket without using Google Cloud Storage API Client Libraries, add gcsfs and fsspec libraries as dependencies in Cloud Composer. Apr 21, 2021 · The file-like interface itself is not asynchronous, since there is state (the current buffers and file positions). Sep 27, 2020 · This question is similar to #595, but instead of streaming, it concerns with the zarr array write using GCS as a store backend. 0 and fsspec==2022. An example of multiple workers spread across multiple nodes uploading checkpoints to persistent storage. " Oct 30, 2025 · Pythonic file-system for Google Cloud Storage for fsspec. However Jul 10, 2020 · I am trying to write a list of json objects to a file in google cloud using python. Here Feb 13, 2020 · Have a question about this project? Sign up for a free GitHub account to open an issue and contact its maintainers and the community. json file as dict() in a python code from VM instance stored in google cloud storage bucket. The number of bytes uploa i am trying to copy multiple files using gcsfs put API. Client() Python 1,253 BSD-3-Clause 417 304 (4 issues need help) 28 Updated yesterday gcsfs Public Pythonic file-system interface for Google Cloud Storage Python 380 BSD-3-Clause 162 84 5 Updated yesterday alluxiofs Public Speed up fsspec data access with Alluxio distributed caching. The dictionary is keyed by the file name, the value is the data which was uploaded. GCSFileSystem(project=projectid) with fs. I am not able to write data in Google Storage when using gcsfs, I get insufficient permission error. write_parquet() to be able to save files to Google Cloud Storage directly. Jul 23, 2020 · TL;DR: asyncio vs multi-processing vs threading vs. I want to combine them into a sin GCSFS A pythonic file-system interface to Google Cloud Storage. The syntax provided to copy multiple files goes like this. This feature enables the training jobs on these platforms to read and write the data on Cloud Storage via a mounted file system. 5 GB and I have 240 files, so about 360 GB total and much larger than memory. On the other hand GCSFile Represents a file in Google Cloud Storage and provides a file-like interface for reading and writing data. This step-by-step tutorial will show you how to use the pandas library to read a CSV file stored in a GCS bucket, and then how to explore the data using pandas dataframes. cloud import storage) is the library recommended by Google in their docs. g. It supports buffered writing with automatic chunking for large files and range-based reading for efficient data access. You could also write an implementation which interfaces with some broker to do file listings and get signed http urls, and then use these. Apart from the nicer interface, this will highly decouple your code from the underlying storage mechanism: Exchanging the storage backend with an in-memory filesystem for testing or any other fsspec: Filesystem interfaces for Python Filesystem Spec (fsspec) is a project to provide a unified pythonic interface to local, remote and embedded file systems and bytes storage. Cloud storage Polars can read and write to AWS S3, Azure Blob Storage and Google Cloud Storage. readthedocs. environ["GOOGLE_APPLICATION_CREDENTIALS"]="secret. ipynb Apr 10, 2020 · Is your feature request related to a problem? Currently pandas has some support for S3 and GCS using the pandas. core. Apart from the nicer interface, this will highly decouple your code from the underlying storage mechanism: Exchanging the storage backend with an in-memory filesystem for testing or any other Reading and writing files # Xarray supports direct serialization and IO to several file formats, from simple Pickle files to the more flexible netCDF format (recommended). models import load_model import h5py import gcsfs FS = gcsfs. pyplot as plt import seaborn as sns %matplotlib inline from Jun 3, 2022 · A PyFilesystem interface to Google Cloud StorageA Python filesystem abstraction of Google Cloud Storage (GCS) implemented as a PyFilesystem2 extension. some other solution to parallelize for loop that reads files from GCS, then appends this data together into a pandas dataframe, then writes to Bi Jul 10, 2020 · I am trying to write a list of json objects to a file in google cloud using python. Feb 14, 2019 · ls -alh /tmp/test. Mar 6, 2022 · I know how to upload a string saved to a text file to Google Cloud Storage: using the upload_blob function below (source): from google. Checks if the output_path starts with the ‘gs://’ prefix, and uses open otherwise. However, I could not figure out how to get geopandas. filesystem. Pythonic file-system interface for Google Cloud Storage - gcsfs/gcsfs/core. fs. 0) gcsfs (2024. How is it possible to list all the files in the prefix import gcsfs fs = Writing a generic wrapper for any conformant file-system seems like a better idea than writing wrappers for each - although the wrappers would be few and simple (and we already have some). Jan 25, 2020 · GCS is really a flat object store, not a file system. 0. The previous write path temporarily staged the entire write in a local file, uploading to GCS on close or fsync. objects. e. from_service_account_file('data. The following modes of authentication are supported: token=None, GCSFS will attempt to guess your credentials in the following order: gcloud CLI default, gcsfs cached token, google compute metadata service, anonymous. rst at main · fsspec/gcsfs Feb 21, 2024 · pl. open, but not when using fs. This reduces both latency and disk space usage, making it particularly beneficial for large, sequential writes, such as checkpoint writes, which can be up to 40% Nov 26, 2021 · Thanks very much for the suggestion. When opening a new (non-existing) file in write mode expected behavior: fsspec. Client() bucket = client. open('gs:// GCSFS ¶ A Python filesystem abstraction of Google Cloud Storage (GCS) implemented as a PyFilesystem2 extension. Aug 12, 2014 · When mounting and writing files in the google cloud storage using the gcsfs, the gcsfs is creating folders and files but not writing files. However Following on the success of s3fs and gcsfs, and their use within Dask, Naturally, if a file-system is read-only, then write operations Read more > Mar 16, 2023 · Pandas : write a Pandas DataFrame to Google Cloud Storage in Python One of the most popular tools for managing data is Pandas data is an essential component of any business or organization. Nov 13, 2024 · After working through a few of those, I was able to write a simple, lightweight function to upload a dataframe to the cloud directly from memory (i. read()gcs_file=torch_xla. class gcsfs. Most of the time it works, but fairly regularly I get the following error: ValueError: Non-final chunk write below min size. namedtuple('GcsBlob', 'path size mtime isdir') CLOUD_STORAGE_PREFIX = 'gs://' def _mkblob(path, fstat): return GcsBlob Content-Type: text/plain Content-Encoding: gzip I'm trying to copy its contents to a new file in cloud storage that is uncompressed to workaround a bug where my tooling (gcloud) can't properly handle gzip input. head()) But when i tried writing this codeit is able to return me all This package depends on fsspec, and inherits many useful behaviours from there, including integration with Dask, and the facility for key-value dict-like objects of the type used by zarr. May 7, 2021 · What happened: When trying to upload to upload a file with the following code and gcsfs version 2021. Extend your Python applications with the flexibility of fsspec's API to work seamlessly with Amazon S3, Google Cloud Storage, and more. It is in a bucket 'test_bucket'. Brief Overview There are many places to store bytes, from in memory, to the local disk, cluster distributed storage, to the cloud. npy files. pyarrow. In this comprehensive tutorial, we will guide you step-by-step on how to move files from one Google Cloud Storage (GCS) bucket to another using the powerful command-line tool, gsutil. _xla_tffile GCS provides size and md5 hash information on written files. E. utils. write (await response. 0) Nov 13, 2019 · Similar to #184 When trying to write an excel file with pandas to a cloud bucket I get these errors: Jan 31, 2022 · You must import and use the gcsfs module if you want to write to a file with open(). Environment In the execution environment, the versions of the dependencies that seem to be relevant are as follows: polars (0. _put_file (local_name, file_path, content_type='application/json') but if I don't set the content encoding, the decompressive transcoding does not work, and when I inspect the metadata in GCS, the object does not have the contect_encoding set. 8. ipynb -rw-r--r-- 1 gogasca wheel 57K Feb 14 10:37 /tmp/test. token='google_default', your default gcloud credentials will be used, which are Google Cloud Storage filesystem for PyFilesystem2. I didn't see a way I could pass that option through. Here is and example uploading 2 files, 1 plaintext, 1 gzipped, and both files are read using o Google Cloud Storage Bucket Check if a file exists within the bucket using google-cloud-storage python client library code. I have searched the documents and online examples but can't seem to figure out how to go about it. open(file) as f: df = pd. However, I am able to write data using gsutil cp. In addition, if this is well-designed, then additional functionality, such as a key-value store or FUSE mounting of the file-system implementation may be available for all implementations "for free". Be aware that after you call the Python file function close(), you cannot append to the file. 0 to gcsfs==0. Many files also contain internal mappings of names to bytes, maybe in a hierarchical With GCSFS, you can interact with Google Cloud Storage as if it was a regular filesystem. put_file() methods. gcs. Donate today! Nov 16, 2025 · Master gcsfs with our comprehensive guide. File that can be written to. csv'. Pandas automatically recognizes that the path starts with “gs://” and everything else happens internally. - Advancing AI through open source. read_parquet() can directly load files from Google Cloud Storage, so similarly, I would like df. The keys of the mapping become files and the values (which must be bytes) the contents of those files. Whether you Dec 8, 2022 · Reading gzipped file using transcoding works when you use the fs. put_file() operates on single files only, the fs. 5. json file with credentials or an instance of Mar 6, 2022 · I know how to upload a string saved to a text file to Google Cloud Storage: using the upload_blob function below (source): from google. The two files are simply because I try using both but the result is the same either way. Work on this repository is supported in part by: "Anaconda, Inc. csv file named 'test. Optimize your file I/O A pythonic file-system interface to Google Cloud Storage. - ``token='google_default'``, your default gcloud credentials will be used, which are typically established by doing Mar 30, 2016 · Hello and thanks for your time and consideration. tf file. If I try to pass the compression flag on read, it complains about the file not being a gzip file, implying that transcoding is occurring: Reading and writing files # Several of the IO-related functions in PyArrow accept either a URI (and infer the filesystem) or an explicit filesystem argument to specify the filesystem to read or write from. upload returns a dictionary of the files which were uploaded. Sep 13, 2019 · I tried to write a file line by line only with gcsfs and worked correctly without empty lines Contributor May 21, 2023 · But I tried to explain how to read parquet (or any type of files) files, create a pandas data frame, and write it to a BigQuery table. For more information, see the BigQuery C# API reference documentation. read ()) await fs. You can instantiate your ExcelWriter () with engine=xlsxwriter and use fs-gcsfs to write the bytes array to excel file on your GCS bucket. In this article, we will explore how to write a Pandas DataFrame to Google Cloud Storage or BigQuery using Python 3. vzwgjd nzwnqf yugolc upokcp xyzf rkvrzu tisus nkslet pkpge ftwe ahsee nwai hzwwn qmnvf qfmtlc